A stored kernel has an orientation
numeric▲△△For input and kernel , compute valid stride-one cross-correlation, then repeat after reversing the kernel.
Hint
The windows are and .
Solution
Cross-correlation gives . Reversing the kernel to gives . The second corresponds to the flipped-kernel convention on the same valid windows. Neither answer is a numerical approximation to the other.
A learned filter can be reversed through its learned parameters, so this does not restrict the family of learnable linear maps. But fixed filters, checkpoints and hand calculations must agree on orientation.